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Petersburg to make their demands. Imperial forces opened fire on the demonstrators, killing and wounding hundreds. Strikes and riots broke out throughout the country in outraged response to the massacre, to which Nicholas responded by promising the formation of a series of representative assemblies, or Dumas , to work toward reform. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!

During a break in the action of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22nd, , audiences first see a commercial that is now widely agreed to be one of the most powerful and effective of all time. Apple's "" spot, featuring a young woman throwing a sledgehammer through a screen on On January 22, , the U. Census Bureau releases detailed statistics on race and ethnicity, the first time such numbers had been released since the census. The numbers showed that the Hispanic population of the United States had increased by 4.

In a Sacramento, California, courtroom, Theodore J. The center-left was well represented, and the government was initially chaired by a liberal aristocrat, Prince Georgy Yevgenievich Lvov, a member of the Constitutional Democratic party KD. The Petrograd Soviet and the provisional government competed for power over Russia. It was intended to organize elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly and its convention. Despite its short reign of power and implementation shortcomings, the provisional government passed very progressive legislation.

The policies enacted by this moderate government by Russian standards represented arguably the most liberal legislation in Europe at the time. It abolished capital punishment, declared the independence of Poland, redistributed wealth in the countryside, restored the constitution of Finland, established local government on a universal suffrage basis, separated church and state, conceded language rights to all the nationalities, and confirmed liberty of speech, liberty of the Press, and liberty of assembly.

The provisional government lasted approximately eight months, ceasing when the Bolsheviks seized power after the October Revolution in October According to Harold Whitmore Williams, the eight months during which Russia was ruled by the provisional government was characterized by the steady and systematic disorganization of the army. The provisional government was unable to make decisive policy decisions due to political factionalism and a breakdown of state structures.

This weakness left the government open to strong challenges from both the right and the left. Its chief adversary on the left was the Petrograd Soviet, which tentatively cooperated with the government at first but then gradually gained control of the army, factories, and railways. While the Provisional Government retained the formal authority to rule over Russia, the Petrograd Soviet maintained actual power.

With its control over the army and the railroads, the Petrograd Soviet had the means to enforce policies. The provisional government lacked the ability to administer its policies. A period of dual power ensued during which the provisional government held state power while the national network of soviets, led by socialists, had the allegiance of the lower classes and the political left.

During this chaotic period there were frequent mutinies, protests, and strikes. When the provisional government chose to continue fighting the war with Germany, the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions campaigned for stopping the conflict. In July, following a series of crises known as the July Days strikes by soldiers and industrial workers that undermined its authority with the public, the head of the provisional government resigned and was succeeded by Alexander Kerensky.

Kerensky was more progressive than his predecessor but not radical enough for the Bolsheviks or many Russians discontented with the deepening economic crisis and the continuation of the war. The period of competition for authority ended in late October when Bolsheviks routed the ministers of the provisional government in the events known as the October Revolution and placed power in the hands of the soviets, which had given their support to the Bolsheviks.

On October 25, , Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin led his leftist revolutionaries in a successful revolt against the ineffective provisional government, an event known as the October Revolution.

The October Revolution, commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd on October 25, It followed and capitalized on the February Revolution of the same year, which overthrew the Tsarist autocracy and resulted in a provisional government after a transfer of power proclaimed by Grand Duke Michael, brother of Tsar Nicolas II, who declined to take power after the Tsar stepped down.

During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils Russian: Soviet wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. The October Revolution in Petrograd overthrew the provisional government and gave the power to the local soviets. The Bolshevik party was heavily supported by the soviets.

After the Congress of Soviets, now the governing body, had its second session, it elected members of the Bolsheviks and other leftist groups such as the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to key positions within the new state of affairs. The revolution was led by the Bolsheviks, who used their influence in the Petrograd Soviet to organize the armed forces. Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military Revolutionary Committee began the takeover of government buildings on October 24, The following day, the Winter Palace the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia , was captured.

The long-awaited Constituent Assembly elections were held on November 12, The Bolsheviks only won seats in the seat legislative body, coming in second behind the Socialist Revolutionary party, which won seats.

The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on November 28, , but its convocation was delayed until January 5, , by the Bolsheviks. On its first and only day in session, the body rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land, and was dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets.

As the revolution was not universally recognized, there followed the struggles of the Russian Civil War —22 and the creation of the Soviet Union in Marxist-Leninists espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of Marxism and Leninism, but generally support the idea of a vanguard party, one-party state, proletarian state-dominance over the economy, internationalism, opposition to bourgeois democracy, and opposition to capitalism.

The October Revolution marked the beginning of the spread of communism in the 20th century. It was far less sporadic than the revolution of February and came about as the result of deliberate planning and coordinated activity to that end. Critics on the right have long argued that the financial and logistical assistance of German intelligence via agent Alexander Parvus was a key component as well, though historians are divided since there is little evidence supporting that claim.

The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of elected delegates; were Bolshevik and nearly a hundred were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who also supported the overthrow of the Alexander Kerensky Government. The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The center and right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries as well as the Mensheviks believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had illegally seized power and walked out before the resolution was passed.

Go where you belong from now on — into the dustbin of history! These would be followed by the arrests of Socialist Revolutionary Party and Menshevik leaders. All in all, the transfer of power was complex and replete with conflict within the revolutionaries. The Decree on Land ratified the actions of the peasants who throughout Russia seized private land and redistributed it among themselves. The Bolsheviks viewed themselves as representing an alliance of workers and peasants and memorialized that understanding with the hammer and sickle on the flag and coat of arms of the Soviet Union.

Other decrees:. The success of the October Revolution transformed the Russian state into a soviet republic. A coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups attempted to unseat the new government in the Russian Civil War from to The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests respectively favoring monarchism, capitalism, and alternative forms of socialism, each with democratic and antidemocratic variants.

In addition, rival militant socialists and non-ideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into Armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until There were an estimated million casualties during the war, mostly civilians.

The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen. Many pro-independence movements emerged after the break-up of the Russian Empire and fought in the war.

Several parts of the former Russian Empire—Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland—were established as sovereign states, with their own civil wars and wars of independence. The rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards.

Political commissars were appointed to each unit of the army to maintain morale and ensure loyalty. In June , when it became apparent that a revolutionary army composed solely of workers would be far too small, Trotsky instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance, the same practices used by the White Army officers.

While resistance to the Red Guard began on the day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the political ban became a catalyst for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new regime. A loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces aligned against the Communist government, including landowners, republicans, conservatives, middle-class citizens, reactionaries, pro-monarchists, liberals, army generals, non-Bolshevik socialists who still had grievances, and democratic reformists voluntarily united only in their opposition to Bolshevik rule.

Their military forces, bolstered by forced conscriptions and terror and by foreign influence and led by Gen. Yudenich, Adm. Kolchak, and Gen. The Western Allies armed and supported opponents of the Bolsheviks. Hence, many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies. After the treaty, it looked like much of that material would fall into the hands of the Germans. There were violent clashes with troops loyal to the Bolsheviks. The results of the civil war were momentous.

Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated the total number of men killed in action in the Civil War and Polish-Soviet War at , , in the Red Army, , White armies and Poles and the total number of military personnel dead from disease on both sides as , The droughts of and , as well as the famine, worsened the disaster still further. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us!

Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. Charles II was the monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland during much of the latter half of the 17th century, marking the Restoration era. Alexander the Great served as king of Macedonia from to B.

During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire. Philip II reigned over Macedonia from to B. He became the head of an empire that was expanded by his son and successor, Alexander the Great. By winning wars and expanding territories, he established Prussia as a strong military power. Anastasia was the daughter of the last Russian tsar, Nicholas II.

After she and her family were executed, rumors claimed that she might have survived. Her rule precipitated the collapse of Russia's imperial government. She was murdered, along with her entire family, in Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. Olivia Rodrigo —. Megan Thee Stallion —. We have suffered terrible things, but we are pressed ever deeper into the abyss of poverty, ignorance and lack of rights.

There was much activity and many reports. Fredericks came to lunch. Went for a long walk. Since yesterday all the factories and workshops in St.

Petersburg have been on strike. Troops have been brought in from the surroundings to strengthen the garrison. The workers have conducted themselves calmly hitherto. Their number is estimated at , At the head of the workers' union some priest - socialist Gapon. Mirsky came in the evening with a report of the measures taken. The procession moved in a compact mass. In front of me were my two bodyguards and a yellow fellow with dark eyes from whose face his hard labouring life had not wiped away the light of youthful gaiety.

On the flanks of the crowd ran the children. Some of the women insisted on walking in the first rows, in order, as they said, to protect me with their bodies, and force had to be used to remove them. Suddenly the company of Cossacks galloped rapidly towards us with drawn swords. So, then, it was to be a massacre after all!

There was no time for consideration, for making plans, or giving orders. A cry of alarm arose as the Cossacks came down upon us. Our front ranks broke before them, opening to right and left, and down the lane the soldiers drove their horses, striking on both sides. I saw the swords lifted and falling, the men, women and children dropping to the earth like logs of wood, while moans, curses and shouts filled the air.

Again we started forward, with solemn resolution and rising rage in our hearts. The Cossacks turned their horses and began to cut their way through the crowd from the rear.

They passed through the whole column and galloped back towards the Narva Gate, where - the infantry having opened their ranks and let them through - they again formed lines.